ABSTRACT
Aim:
Sport activities are among the most important causes of dental injuries. The prevalence of dental injuries is higher in children and in contact sports and the use of mouthguards can reduce their incidence. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency and type of dental injuries in child athletes and their parents’ awareness regarding the use of mouthguards.
Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted on child athletes aged 7-13 years. The questionnaires were completed by their parents. The questionnaire included questions on demographic data, type and history of sport activity, history of sports-related dental injuries, type of dental injury, awareness on mouthguards, type of mouthguard used and problems during its use. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. The level of significance was set at p<0.05.
Results:
Three hundred fifty six child athletes with a mean age of 10.72±2.08 years participated in the study. The prevalence of dental injuries during sport activity was 15.5% and was higher in boys (70.9%, 39 of 55) than in girls (29.09%, 16 of 55) (p=0.008). The most commonly affected age was 12 years (38.2%). The dental injuries rates were as follows: mobility (58%), crown fracture (36.4%) and avulsion (5.6%). The rate of awareness of the mouthguard was 48.6%, while the utilization rate was 23.9%.
Conclusion:
According to our results, the rate of dental injuries among boys and full contact sport players are high and the most common dental injury is mobility. The age and prevalence of dental injuries in young athletes in our study is not higher than has been reported in other countries. The provision of proper mouthguards and regular use of them may possibly reduce the occurrence of dental injuries during sport activity.
Introduction
Sport plays an important role in a child’s health (1-3). Sport activities are among the most important etiologic factors of traumatic dental injuries (4,5). Given the daily advancements made in sport activities, the risk of dental injuries has risen among athletes (6). Sport activities contribute to one third of dental injuries (2). The rate of injury varies in different studies depending on the number, location, age and type of sport activity (7,8). Contact sports and children are more vulnerable to these injuries (2,6,9-11). The most commonly prone age to sport-related dental injuries are between 7 and 11 years of age (12-14). The reason behind the increased incidence of dental injuries in children is their inability to detect injurious situations (15). Traumatic dental injuries not only occur during games, but also during training and exercise. The severity and frequency of contact are among the main causes of these injuries (16). There is an increased risk of dental injuries in contact sports such as boxing, football, basketball and hockey (3,16-18). The aftermath of these injuries can be the loss of teeth; root resorption and/or ankylosis may even occur in cases that have been treated. Subsequently, the patient may constantly undergo procedures such as repair, root treatment, implant, and the use of prostheses (16,19). Dental injuries can have considerable social, psychological and economic impacts (2,6). Treatment of dental injuries leads to absence from work and school (20). Sport dentistry deals with the prevention and treatment of activity/sport-related dental injuries and oral diseases. This risk can be reduced by the use of a mouthguard (2,21-23). Mouthguards evenly distribute the force of the impact throughout the mouth and thus reduce the impact of injury (2,18). Usually, they are made of ethyl vinyl acetate, given its non-toxic nature, elasticity, minimum humidity absorption, and easy construction (2,24). When a mouthguard is not used, the risk of injury increases by 1.6-1.9 times. Multiple review studies have indicated that the use of a mouthguard reduces injury to both the soft and hard tissues (2). Although many studies have proven the positive and protective effect of mouthguard use, it is compulsory in only a few sports (such as: Boxing, martial arts, American football, ice hockey) (6,25,26). Furthermore, there is no specific description of the type of mouthguard that is to be used (27). To our knowledge, data on the frequency of dental injuries and awareness of mouthguard use among 7 to 13-year-old child athletes in Hamadan (a city in west of Iran) is scarce. For this reason, this study was conducted.
Materials and Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 356 children aged 7 to 13 years old practicing in organized sport activity in Hamadan’s sport centers. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hamadan University of medical science (IR.UMSHA.REC.1397.728) and was conducted for a period of approximately 5 months from May2018 to October 2018. Since the athletes were aged less than 16 years, their parents had to complete the questionnaires.
This study was conducted by the parents’ of child athletes who agreed to participate in the study, and provided informed consent. Children who were involved in different types of sports (more than one) (n=26) and those who did not provide informed consent (n=17) were excluded from the study.
The questionnaire was based on studies conducted earlier (2,5,16,19,28), and confidentiality was guaranteed by keeping the participants’ names anonymous. The questionnaire was comprised of three sections; the first part included questions on age, gender, type of sport activity and the duration of sport activity. The second part consisted of questions on sports dental injury and in cases of having a history of sports dental injuries; the time and type of injury, the time of arrival at a medical center, the type of medical center admitted to, returns to the clinic to examine the healing process (follow up) and the duration of follow-up visits. The third part included questions on the athletes’ level of awareness regarding the mouthguard, mouthguard use, type of mouthguard used, difficulties faced during mouthguard use, presence or absence of a mouthguard at the time of injury, and the cause of injury if a mouthguard had been used.
Therefore, the types of sports were classified based on their extent of contact into the following groups: Non-contact groups: gymnastics; limited-contact sports: Volleyball, baseball; semi-contact sports: Karate, taekwondo; full-contact sports: Soccer, wrestling, boxing, judo (5,29-31). The time of treatment was classified into: Acute treatment; a few hours after the injury, sub-acute treatment; in the first 24 hours following injury, delayed treatment; more than 24 hours after injury, and no treatment (32).
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was done with SPSS 21. Data were presented as numbers and percentage (%). Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. The level of significance was set at p<0.05.
Results
In total, 356 child athletes (age 7-13years) comprising 194 boys (54.5%) and 162 girls (45.5%) were included in the study. The mean age of the participants in the study was 10.72±2.08 years.
The athlete’s characteristics are shown in Table I.
Fifty-five (15.4%) child athletes sustained dental injuries, 39 (70.9%) were male, and 16 (29.09%) were female participants (p=0.008). The most commonly affected age was 12 years old (38.2%). The prevalence of different injuries in different sports included in order: Handball (16.4%); boxing (16.4%); wrestling (14.5%); baseball (12.7%); soccer (10.9%); judo (9.1%); volleyball (9.1%); taekwondo (5.5%); gymnastics (3.6%) and karate (1.8%).
Among the 55 children with dental injuries, 49 of 55 had a history of sport activity of 1 to 5 years. Forty-eight children (87.3%) sustained injuries during training, and 7 (12.7%) had sustained injuries during matches. Of these injured participants, (18%) had not sought any treatment, 27 (49%) had received acute treatment, 12 (22%) had received sub-acute treatment, and 6 (11%) had received delayed treatment. Twenty-nine (64.4%) had visited public medical centers and 16 (35.6%) had visited private dental clinics. The time of admission based on the type of injury is presented in Table II. Forty-six (83.6%) of the injured children had revisited the dentist for an evaluation of the treatment process, and 9 (16.4%) had no follow-up.
The types of dental injuries based on contact sports are presented in Table III. The most damage was seen in full-contact sports (67.27%), and the most common injury was mobility (83.3%).
There was a significant difference between the level of awareness regarding mouthguards and their utilization (p<0.001); 271 (76.1%) children did not use a mouthguard, and 85 (23.9%) did (Table IV).
Among the 271 children who did not use mouthguards, 45 (16.6%) had sustained dental injuries, while only 10 (11.8%) of those who used a mouthguard had sustained injuries. This difference was not statistically significant (p=0.281). The association between mouthguard use and experience of dental injuries is presented in Table V. The rate of using a mouthguard in sports where they are mandatory is presented in Figure 1. The association between the experience of dental injuries and mouthguard use in sports where they are mandatory is presented in Table VI.
The most common type of mouthguard used was the boil and bite type (67%); the next most common was the one prepared by the dentist (custom fabricated) (28.4%); 4.6% of the parents were unaware of the type of mouthguard their children used. The problems children had while using the mouthguard were as follows: difficulty breathing; pain and discomfort in the mouth; and lack of beauty. Of those children who had sustained injuries, 45 had not used a mouthguard and 10 had used one. In the parents’ opinions, the reason behind the injury in spite of mouthguard use was its lack of suitability (58.8%) and the type used (41.2%).
Discussion
Sport causes dental and facial injuries, which can be prevented through adequate training and the use of protective tools (21). Based on this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of dental injury in this age group was 15.4%. Few studies have dealt with the prevalence of dental injuries in child athletes.
Farcasiu et al. (6) reported this figure to be 14.36% in children aged 10.24±1.97 years. Galic et al. (33) reported this prevalence to be 13.5% in children from four contact sports and aged 12.9±3.2 years. Tsuchiya et al. (5) reported a rate of 13.3% in children with a mean age of 11 years (33). The aforementioned studies’ findings are close to ours. In a systematic review conducted by Azami-Aghdas et al. (34), the prevalence of dental injuries among children was reported to be 17.5%. Ozbay et al. (28) observed rate of injury in 12±1.6-year-old children was 19.3%, a figure higher than ours, which may be explained by examining the injury as a whole, the athletes’ age and the type of sports played.
Between 6 to 12 years of age, the continuous development of power movements becomes dominant, and the period of development of delicate motor skills begins (35). Children are more prone to dental injuries between the ages of 7 and 11 (36). Furthermore, the risk of injury increases with age as the duration of exercise lengthens (37). In our study, the most commonly injured age was the age of 12 years (38.2%), which almost the same as those of studies conduct by Naidoo et al. (38), Ozbay et al. (11), and Kececi et al. (19), Naidoo et al. (38) also studied the occurrence of dental injuries in school-going children aged 11 to 13 years, and found that the most commonly affected age was 12 years. Ozbay et al. (11) made a similar observation. Kececi et al. (19) reported that the risk of injuries was greater at younger ages (<12 years).
In line with other studies, the prevalence of dental injuries was reported to be higher among boys than among girls (8,28,39,40). This may be attributed to several factors, such as, internal factors like biological differences, bodily strength, weight and psychological traits, and environmental factors, such as play management - including the coaching style (5).
In our study, most injuries were sustained during training (86.8%); Ozbay et al. (11) have also mentioned the occurrence of dental injuries during matches.
At younger ages, the density of the alveolar bone is lower, thus, luxation is common. Aging is associated with an increase in bone density. Moreover, the lower crown/root ratio raises the possibility of crown fractures (41). The most common dental injury in our study was mobility, which is due to the lower alveolar bone density and root immaturity. Rouhani et al. (16) examined dental injuries among young athletes (20 to 30 year-olds) and also observed that the most common dental injury was luxation; despite the difference in the age group, the finding was similar to ours. Galic, however, has reported avulsion as the most common injury (33). Kececi et al. (19) observed that crown fractures were the most common injury. Likewise, Farcasiu et al. (6) reported enamel fractures as the most frequently occurring dental injuries. These differences may be attributed to the type of dental system, bone density, type and extent of force applied, and type of sport.
The greater the velocity and contact, the greater the sport injury (2,6). In our study, dental injuries more frequently occurred in full-contact sports, a finding similar to those reached by Rouhani et al. (16) and Glendor (8) but contrary to Tsuchiya et al. (5) results, who did not find a significant association between the type of contact sport and the occurrence of injury. Raising awareness, the existence of rules mandating the use of mouthguards in high-risk sports and encouraging athletes to regularly use mouthguards can reduce the rate of injury.
Reducing the episodes and severity of sport-related dental injuries is the greatest goal of many sports; by using protective gear, we can achieve this goal to some extent. Unfortunately, mouthguard use is not mandatory in many high-risk sports including basketball and soccer (42). In our study, although 48.6% of parents were aware of mouthguards, only 42.8% of their children used them. This finding is similar to the results of the studies by Dursun et al. (42), Rouhani et al. (16) and Tiwari et al. (21), wherein the use of mouthguards was limited in spite of athletes being aware of them. Parents should be informed of the risks of dental injuries and their aftermaths and the advantages of using suitable mouthguards (2). Many studies have shown the protective effect of mouthguard use in reducing injury (28,42-45), the provision of proper mouthguards may possibly reduce the occurrence of TDI. However, there is still insufficient evidence that planned intervention is effective in reducing the prevalence or incidence of sports-related injuries to the mouth and face, and much remains to be elucidated regarding the attitude toward and effective use of protective equipment (46). Although the use of mouthguards had reduced injury, the difference was statistically insignificant when compared to the group that had not used mouthguards, which may be due to the type of mouthguard used, a lack of awareness regarding its replacement, structural changes and reduced efficacy over time, and the avoidance of its continuous use throughout sports such as during training. Sport coaches and dentists can play a positive role in raising awareness about and the use of mouthguards in athletes (21). Athletes need to be informed about the type of mouthguard, their replacement time, and the role of their thickness in preventing injury, as thickness plays a major role in protecting teeth and the surrounding tissues (47).
The participants of our study mostly used the boil and bite type of mouthguard, similar to O’Malley et al. (2) study, wherein two thirds of parents had reported their children using this type of mouthguard. These mouthguards are commonly used by children. Given the continuous oral changes in mix dentition ages, there is a possibility for remolding. Nevertheless, this type of mouthguard’s fit may decline over time, which may limit its efficacy (26). Thus, custom mouthguards are used by 4% of children, and policies should be regulated to make them available and raise awareness on their usage (2). Our participants experienced difficulties such as, difficulty breathing, feelings of pain and discomfort and lack of beauty, which were similar to the problems reported by Boffano et al. (48), Ranalli (49) and Duddy et al. (50). In addition to the aforementioned problems, they reported difficulty speaking and changes in the mouthguard during its utilization, all of which may be reduced by using the custom type (50,51).
Study Limitations
The limitation of our study was some parents’ poor cooperation in the timely completion and handing over of the questionnaires. The use of electronic questionnaires can alleviate this problem to some extent.
Conclusion
According to our study, dental injuries were relatively high among boys and full contact sport players. The most commonly injured age and the prevalence of dental injuries in child athletes are similar to other studies conducted. Provision of proper mouthguards may reduce the occurrence of dental injuries during sport activity. Educational programs to increase awareness, improve knowledge, and promote the use of proper mouthguards with young athletes and their parents are needed.